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Posts Tagged ‘data encryption’

Achieving HIPAA on AWS / EC2 with Windows Server 2008

When you are creating a HIPAA compliant system on cloud service like AWS / EC2 / S3, you have to carefully examine the different levels of data security provided by the Cloud Service provider

At a minimum level, the following should be ascertained:

i) Where is the Cloud provider’s data center physically located. In some countries, HIPAA restricts Protected Health Information ( PHI ) to be stored on servers located outside of the country.

ii) Whether the cloud provider contractually obligated to protect the customer’s data at the same level as the customer’s own internal policies?

iii) Cloud provider’s Backup and Recovery policies

iv) What are the provider’s policies on data handling/management and access control? Do adequate controls exist to prevent impermissible copying or removal of customer data by the provider, or by unauthorized employees of the company?

v) What happens to data when it is deleted? This is very important as customers will be storing data on virtual Machines. Also What happens to cloud hardware when the hardware is replaced?

In this blog we are only looking at the different security levels to be taken by the application developer to make sure that a web application built on AWS / EC2 using Windows Server 2008 / .NET / MSSQL / IIS 7 / is HIPAA compliant. The basic requirement is to encrypt all the data at rest and transit

1. Encrypting Data in transit between the user ( clients ) and the server ( Webserver )

SSL over HTTP ( HTTPS )

Steps used to Implement SSL on IIS are the following:

[bash]
1.Open IIS Manager.
2.Click on the server name.
3.Double-click the “Server Certificates” button in the “Security” section
4.Click on self-signed certificate
5.Enter certificate name and click ok
6. Select the name of the server to which the certificate was installed.

7. From the “Actions” menu (on the right), click on “Bindings.” This will open the “Site Bindings” window

8. In the “Site Bindings” window, click “Add” This will open the “Add Site Binding” window

9. Under “Type” choose https. The IP address should be the IP address of the site , and the port over which traffic will be secured by SSL is usually 443. The “SSL Certificate” field should specify the certificate that was installed in step 5.

10.Click “OK.” . SSL is now installed .
[/bash]

2 ) Encrypting Data at Rest ( Document Root )

EFS with IIS

You can use EFS ( Encrypted File System ) in Windows 2008 Server to automatically encrypt your data when it is stored on the hard disk.

Encrypt a Folder:

[bash]
1. Open Windows Explorer.
2. Right-click the folder that you want to encrypt , and then click Properties.
3. On the General tab, click Advanced.
4. Under Compress or Encrypt attributes, select the Encrypt contents to secure data check box and then click OK.
5. Click OK.
6. In the Confirm Attribute Changes dialog box that appears, use one of the following steps:
i) If you want to encrypt only the folder, click Apply changes to this folder only, and then click OK.
ii) If you want to encrypt the existing folder contents along with the folder, click Apply changes to this folder, subfolders and files, and then click OK.
[/bash]

The folder becomes an encrypted folder. New files that you create in this folder are automatically encrypted


3 ) Encrypting MSSQL Database ( Data at Rest )

TDE ( Transparent Data Encryption )

TDE is a new feature inbuilt in MSSQL Server 2008 Enterprise Edition . Data is encrypted before it is written to disk; data is decrypted when it is read from disk. The “transparent” aspect of TDE is that the encryption is performed by the database engine and SQL Server clients are completely unaware of it. There is absolutely no code that needs to be written to perform the encryption and decryption .So there is no need for changing any code ( Database Queries ) in the Application .

STEPS

i) Create a Master Key

A master key is a symmetric key that is used to create certificates and asymmetric keys. Execute the following script to create a master key:

[bash]
USE master;
CREATE MASTER KEY
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = ‘Pass@word1’;
GO
[/bash]

ii)Create Certificate

Certificates can be used to create symmetric keys for data encryption or to encrypt the data directly. Execute the following script to create a certificate:

[bash]
CREATE CERTIFICATE TDECert
WITH SUBJECT = ‘TDE Certificate’
GO
[/bash]

iii) Create a Database Encryption Key and Protect it by the Certificate

[bash]
1.Go to object explorer in the left pane of the MSSQL SERVER Management Studio
2.Right Click on the database on which TDE Requires
3.Click Tasks and Navigate to Manage Database Encryption
4. Select the encrytion algorithm (AES 128/192/256) and select the certificate you have created
5.Then Mark the check Box for Set Database Encryption On
[/bash]

You can query the is_encrypted column in sys.databases to determine whether TDE is enabled for a particular database.

[bash]
SELECT [name], is_encrypted FROM sys.databases
GO
[/bash]


4 ) Encrypting Data in transit between the Webserver and the MSSQL Database

MSSQL secure connection using SSL

i) Creating a self-singned cert using makecert
[bash]
makecert -r -pe -n “CN=YOUR_SERVER_FQDN” -b 01/01/2000 -e 01/01/2036 -eku 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 -ss my -sr localMachine -sky exchange -sp “Microsoft RSA SChannel Cryptographic Provider” -sy 12 c:\test.cer
[/bash]

ii) Install this cert

[bash]
Copy c:\test.cer into your client machine, run c:\test.cer from command window, select “Install Certificate”. -> click “Next” -> select “Place all certificates in the following store” –> click “Browser” -> select “Trusted Root Certification Authorities” -> select OK and Finish
[/bash]

iii) Open SQL Server Configuration Manager

[bash]
Expand SQL Server Network Configuration, right-click “Protocols for MSSQLSERVER” then click “properties”. On the “Certificate” tab select the certificate just installed . On the “Flags” tab, set “ForceEncryption” YES.
[/bash]

Now SSL is ready to be used on the server. The only modification needed in the .NET code is connection string. It will be

[bash]
connectionString=”Data Source=localhost;Initial Catalog=mydb;User ID=user1;Password=pas@123;Encrypt=true;TrustServerCertificate=true”
[/bash]

Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Encryption: Part l

Entrusted with a project where we have to implement data protection and privacy guidelines in accordance with international regulations we found ourselves investigating ways to implement data encryption in MSSQL database in Amazon EC2. We are deploying an application which has to deployed in all the AWS availability zones and our problems like syncing between zones are still at large as fine tune MS-SQL for the cloud.

Data security and privacy

The applications which storing sensitive information like customer information, Financial information, personal health information(PHI) etc, will have to meet certain data privacy and security acts. The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 protects health information. To make applications HIPAA compliance we can use some of new security features in SQL server 2008. MSSQL Server 2008 introduce new with security feature enhancements for powerful encryption and better key management capabilities

Data security in cloud

The data in cloud is in a shared hardware environment. Therefore data segregation is one of the major security issue. All cloud providers have their own storage management. But the security and privacy of data is again an issue because the customers don’t have much control over this storage area. They don’t know the exact location where data is stored. Customers can overcome these issues by implementing their own security features based own their application.

We had 2 issues to address:

1. Encrypt data in transit
2. Encrypt data at rest

In this one we are starting by implementing encryption of data in transit for MSSQL server. MSSQL Server uses the Secure Socket Layer(SSL) to encrypt data transfer between SQL server and applications. This encryption will ensure secure data transmission over the network. This is much more important when application and database are distributed on many AWS availability zones.

Implementation of SSL

1.Creating a self-singned cert using makecert

[text]
makecert -r -pe -n “CN=SERVER-FQDN” -b 01/01/2010 -e 01/01/2015 -eku 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 -ss my -sr localMachine -sky exchange -sp “SSL Providerl” -sy 12 c:\testssl.cer
[/text]

2.Install this cert

Copy c:\tesssl.cer into your client machine, run c:\testssl.cer from command window, select “Install Certificate”. -> click “Next” -> select “Place all certificates in the following store” –> click “Browser” -> select “Trusted Root Certification Authorities” -> select OK and Finish

3.Open SQL Server Configuration Manager

Expand SQL Server Network Configuration, right-click “Protocols for MSSQLSERVER” then click “properties”. On the “Certificate” tab select the certificate just installed . On the “Flags” tab, set “ForceEncryption” YES.

Now SSL is ready to use on server. You have modify your connection string to use SSL.

For Example

connectionString=”Data Source=db.server.com;Initial Catalog=mydb;User ID=user1;Password=pas@123;Encrypt=true;TrustServerCertificate=true”

You are Done!

Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Encryption: Part ll

In our first article we had discussed security and privacy of data in cloud and how to meet MSSQL server HIPPA(Health Information Portability and Accountability Act) compliance. We had also learn how to encrypt data in transit between MSSQL server and applications. Here you will learn how to encrypt data in rest in MSSQL using Transparent Data Encryption(TDE).

It seems that most of the security products focused their effort on securing data in transit only, using SSL/TLS. But when you build a security system that meet the international security regulations and acts, you need to encrypt data in rest also. The insecure configuration of server, operating system, firewall and network in general, will make it easier for some one to gain access to data at rest.

TDE performs real time encryption and decryption of data while writing and reading data from MSSQL. As the name implies encryption is transparent, that is no need to modify code or architecture of applications when implementing TDE.

Implementation of TDE

1. Create a master key
A master key is a symmetric key that is used to create certificates and asymmetric keys.

[sql]
USE master;
CREATE MASTER KEY
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = ‘<password>’;
GO
[/sql]

2.Create Certificate

Certificates can be used to create symmetric keys for data encryption or to encrypt the data directly. Execute the following script to create a certificate:

[sql]
CREATE CERTIFICATE TDECert
WITH SUBJECT = ‘TDECertificate’
GO
[/sql]

3.Create a Database Encryption Key and Protect it by the Certificate

1.Click object explorer in the left pane of the MSSQL SERVER Management Studio
2.Right Click on the database which you want to encrypt
3.Click Tasks and Navigate to Manage Database Encryption
4. Select the encrytion algorithm (AES 128/192/256) and select the certificate you have created
5.Then Mark the check Box for Set Database Encryption On

You can query the is_encrypted column in sys.databases to determine whether TDE is enabled for a particular database.

[sql]
SELECT [name], is_encrypted FROM sys.databases
GO
[/sql]

Important Back up the certifi cate and private key to a fi le to ensure recoverability as follows

[sql]
BACKUP CERTIFICATE TDECert TO FILE = ‘C:\TDECert.cer’
[/sql]

You are Done!!